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6park.com《步辇图》、《历代帝王图》——凭几 6park.com
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6park.com 唐宋元明清,正是中国封建社会发展的鼎盛时期,随着手工业和商业贸易的发展,家具逐渐普及。此时的家具已不再是一个生活物件,而被附上了审美的符号,与两汉之前的席地而坐相比,人们已经有了更多的家具选择。 6park.com
下面就和小编一起来观摩下中国传统家具制造业繁盛时期,各代家具的独特风姿吧! 6park.com
【唐代家具】 6park.com
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唐代家具产生于隋唐五代时期,由于垂足而坐成为一种趋势,高型家具迅速发展,并出现了新式高型家具的完整组合,中国家具发展至唐代进入了一个崭新的时期,它一改六朝前家具的面貌,形成流畅柔美,雍容华贵的唐式家具风格。典型的高型家具,如椅、凳、桌等,在上层社会中非常流行。此时的唐代家具,具有高挑,细腻,温雅的特点,以木质家具居多。唐代家具传世者无一,欲了解唐人家具陈设情况,基本只能借助绘画、出土壁画等图像资料以及少量出土模型。 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com
6park.com凭几 6park.com
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6park.com陕西长安南里王村唐墓壁画充当承具 6park.com
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6park.com敦煌138窟壁画中同时出现了四足床与禅椅数张 6park.com
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6park.com 唐代家具进一步向高型发展,表现在坐类家具品种增多和桌的出现。《通雅》记载:"倚卓(椅桌)之名见于唐宋。"六朝已有椅凳,唐代更趋流行,几、案高度皆以坐面为基准,坐具既高,桌的出现势为必然。家具高型化又对住室高度,器物尺寸、器物造型装饰产生一系列影响。 6park.com
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6park.com北京唐墓壁画与日本藤原鐮足、菅原道真像中的靠背椅 6park.com
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6park.com 这一时期,家具向成套化发展,种类增多,并可按使用权用功能分类。大致可分为:坐卧类,如凳、椅、墩、床、榻等;凭椅、承物类,如几、案、桌等;贮藏类,如柜、箱、笥等;架具类,如衣架、巾架等;其他还有屏风等。 6park.com
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6park.com唐《螺钿双陆木棋盘》—— 吐鲁番阿斯塔那206号墓出土 6park.com
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6park.com唐《弈棋仕女图屏》——阿斯塔那张礼臣墓出土 6park.com
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6park.com周昉《调婴图卷》——大方床 6park.com
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6park.com唐周昉《宫乐图》 6park.com
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6park.com 画中餐桌踢打浑厚,装饰华丽。贵妇们座下是月牙凳,凳面略有弧度,符合人体工学。 6park.com
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6park.com月牙凳,又称腰凳 6park.com
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6park.com 唐代月牙凳,体态端庄浑厚,造型别致新巧,装饰华丽精美,是最具大唐风采的家具。月牙凳与体态丰腴、雍容华贵的唐代贵妇人形象统一和请。可以说,月牙凳是唐代家具风格的代表。 6park.com
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6park.com唐代家具 6park.com
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6park.com日本用正仓院宝物模造品复原的圣武天皇书房陈设 6park.com
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6park.com【宋式家具】 6park.com
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6park.com宋徽宗赵佶《听琴图》——承具、桌、椅 6park.com
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6park.com 唐、五代家具是宋代汉族家具的发展之源,但宋式家具又是明清家具的之源。宋代是中国家具承前启后的重要发展时期,宋代汉族工艺美术具有典雅平正的艺术风格,其家具、陶瓷、漆器、染织多造型古雅、色彩纯净,并且内敛天真,不事雕琢,以质朴取胜,给人清淡雅致之感。 6park.com
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6park.com《蕉荫击球图》——交椅、平头案 6park.com
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6park.com 宋代,垂足而坐的椅、凳等高脚坐具已普及民间,结束了几千年来席地坐的习俗。宋代家具以造型淳朴纤秀、结构合理精细为主要特征。宋代家具还重视外形尺寸和结构与人体的关系,工艺严谨,造型优美,使用方便。 6park.com
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6park.com《小庭婴戏图》——凳 6park.com
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6park.com《槐阴消夏图》——榻、平头案 6park.com
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6park.com《踏歌图》——大画案、凳 6park.com
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6park.com《女孝经图》——榻、凳 6park.com
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6park.com《五老图》——画柜、画案、凳、香几 6park.com
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6park.com仿《十八学士图》——宋式家具 6park.com
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6park.com宋式茶案 6park.com
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6park.com宋式玫瑰椅(折背样) 6park.com
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6park.com【元代家具】 6park.com
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6park.com 中国古代家具研究领域,人们习惯上把宋代与元代的家具风格,统称为宋元风格。元代家具多沿袭宋代传统,但也有新的发展,结构更趋合理,为明清家具的进一步发展奠定了基矗抽屉桌是元代的创新。 6park.com
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6park.com《史籍》——坐具 6park.com
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6park.com《史籍》中元代家具,画中的坐具非常别致,是供蒙古族最高统治者可汗极其夫人两人同时共坐的双人座椅 6park.com
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6park.com元代家具 6park.com
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6park.com杉木彩绘三弯腿榻元代 6park.com
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6park.com元代黑漆嵌螺钿小桌 6park.com
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6park.com【明代家具】 6park.com
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明代家具有广、狭二义。广义的明式家具,着重一个“式”字,不管制作于明代或明以后何时,也不论贵重材质和一般材质,只要具有明代家具风格,皆称之“明式家具”。狭义则指明代至清代前期材美工良,造型优美的家具。明代家具十六品包括:简练、淳朴、厚拙、凝重、雄伟、圆浑、沉穆、浓华、文绮、妍秀、劲挺、柔婉、空灵、玲珑、典雅、清新;八病是繁琐、赘复、臃肿、滞郁、纤巧、悖谬、失位、俚俗。 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com
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6park.com明仇英《汉宫春晓图》——条案、桌、椅、凳等 6park.com
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6park.com 画中所展示的景物,特别是家具,图中有数件精美的皇室红木家具,包括平头条案、方几、古凳、无不彰显着皇家高贵奢华的气质,与宫廷红木家具的特点、而在外形来识别为典型的明式家具。 6park.com
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6park.com明代黄花梨四出头官帽椅,通高116厘米,由于像古代官吏的帽子而得名 6park.com
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随着手工业的进一步发展,家具成了流通的商品,许多文人雅士参与了室内设计和家具造成型研究。这些都促成了明代家具的大发展。明代家具在继承宋代家具传统的基础上,发扬光大,推陈出新,不仅种类齐全,款式繁多,而且用材考究,造型朴实大方,制作严谨准确,结构合理规范,逐渐形成稳定,鲜明的明代家具风格,把中国古代家具推向顶峰时期。 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com
6park.com南式官帽椅,它的主要特征是搭脑和扶手都不出头。余者与四出头官帽椅一样 6park.com
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6park.com灯挂椅 6park.com
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6park.com罗圈椅 6park.com
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6park.com圈背交椅 6park.com
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6park.com黄花梨月洞式门罩架子床 6park.com
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6park.com紫檀独板围子罗汉床 6park.com
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6park.com紫檀裹腿罗锅枨加霸王枨黑漆面书桌 6park.com
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6park.com铁力高束腰五足香几 6park.com
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6park.com紫檀牡丹纹扶手椅 6park.com
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6park.com明代黄花梨小翘头案,长113厘米,宽27.7厘米,高83厘米,是古代置琴的器具 6park.com
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6park.com【清式家具】 6park.com
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清式家具的从开始萌芽到形成独立的体系,大致是从清康熙早年到晚年的四、五十年之间,它与满文化的影响有着不可分割的联系。清式家具的总体尺寸较明式家具,追求更宽大、更厚重、更奢华的风气,相应的局部尺寸也随之加大。清式家具最求装饰绝对的繁琐和复杂,故而其装饰极为华丽,制作手法汇集了雕刻、镶嵌、髹漆、彩绘、堆漆、剔犀等多种手工技艺,繁纹重饰。 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com
6park.com焦秉贞《历朝贤后故事图》之含饴弄孙——床榻 6park.com
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6park.com 清代家具多结合厅堂、卧室、书斋等不同居室进行设计,分类详尽,功能明确。其主要特征是,造型庄重,雕饰繁重,体量宽大,气度宏伟,脱离了宋、明以来家具秀丽实用的淳朴气质,形成了清代家具的风格。 6park.com
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6park.com焦秉贞《历朝贤后故事图》之教训诸王——桌、椅 6park.com
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6park.com焦秉贞《历朝贤后故事图》之孝事周姜——桌、椅 6park.com
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6park.com清姚文瀚《岁朝欢庆图》 ——桌、椅、承具 6park.com
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6park.com冷枚《連生貴子圖》——凳子 6park.com
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6park.com清代家具 6park.com
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6park.com紫檀雕花椅,清乾隆,横66cm,纵51.5cm,通高117.5cm 6park.com
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6park.com鹿角椅此椅系用康熙帝亲猎之鹿制成 6park.com
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家具工艺到了清代总的来看造型已趋向笨重,并一味追求,富丽华贵,由于繁缛的雕饰破坏了造型的整体感,有些家具审美用途超过了实用价值。清代家具常见的装饰方法有木雕和镶嵌。木雕分为线雕(阳刻、阴刻)、浅浮雕、深浮雕、透雕、圆雕、漆雕(剔犀、剔红);镶嵌有螺钿、木、石、骨、竹、象牙、玉石、珐琅、玻璃及镶金、银,装金属饰件等。装饰图案多用象征吉祥如意、多子多福、延年益寿、官运亨通之类的花草、人物、鸟兽等。 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com 6park.com
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6park.com中国皇家精美家具 -- 龙屏 6park.com
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6park.com清黑漆描金龙凤纹绣墩高43cm、面径35.5cm 6park.com
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6park.com清紫檀木嵌宝镶大理石桌椅 6park.com
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6park.com雕龙祥云太师椅 6park.com
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