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送交者: 黑5类[☆品衔R4☆] 于 2021-10-11 21:12 已读 1386 次  

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2021 Nobel Prize Winners: Full List

Here are the year’s laureates in the sciences, literature, peace and economics. 6park.com

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This year’s laureates will receive their Nobel Prize medals and diplomas in their home countries in December.Credit...Niklas Halle'N/Associated Press 6park.com

By Derrick Bryson Taylor 6park.com

Oct. 11, 2021, 6:44 a.m. ET
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Six Nobel Prizes are awarded by committees in Sweden and Norway every year in October, each recognizing an individual’s or organization’s groundbreaking contribution in a specific field.

Prizes are given for physiology or medicine, physics, chemistry, economic science, literature and peace work. Winners receive a diploma and a medal, and each prize is also awarded 10 million Swedish krona, or about $1.1 million, which is divided if there are multiple winners.

Because of the pandemic, this year’s festivities will be a mixture of digital and physical events. Laureates will receive their Nobel Prize medals and diplomas in their home countries in December, the organization said. 6park.com

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The 2021 Winners

Physiology or Medicine


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Ardem Patapoutian, left, and David Julius were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on Monday.Credit...Agence France-Presse, via UCSF/AFP Via Getty Images 6park.com

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian “for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.”

The pair made breakthrough discoveries that launched intense research activities that in turn led to a rapid increase in our understanding of how our nervous system senses heat, cold, and mechanical stimuli.

Dr. Julius is a professor of physiology at the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Patapoutian is a molecular biologist and neuroscientist at Scripps Research in La Jolla, Calif.

Physics


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Giorgio Parisi, from left, Klaus Hasselmann, and Syukuro Manabe won the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics on Tuesday.Credit...Domenico Stinellis/Associated Press; Jonas Walzberg/EPA, via Shutterstock; Seth Wenig/Associated Press 6park.com

The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three scientists whose work “laid the foundation of our knowledge of the Earth’s climate and how humanity influences it.” 6park.com

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The winners were Syukuro Manabe of Princeton University, Klaus Hasselmann of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, and Giorgio Parisi of the Sapienza University of Rome.

The work of all three is essential to understanding how the Earth’s climate is changing and how human behavior is influencing those changes.

Chemistry


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Benjamin List, left, and David W.C. MacMillan were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry on Wednesday.Credit...Frank Vinken, Max-Plank-Society, via Associated Press; EPA, via Shutterstock 6park.com

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan for their development of a new tool to build molecules, work that has spurred advances in pharmaceutical research and lessened the impact of chemistry on the environment.

Their work, while unseen by consumers, is an essential part in many leading industries and is crucial for research.

Dr. List is a German chemist and director at the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany. Dr. MacMillan is a Scottish chemist and a professor at Princeton University, where he also headed the department of chemistry from 2010 to 2015.

Literature


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Abdulrazak Gurnah in London in 2016.Credit...Gareth Cattermole/Getty Images 6park.com

The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Abdulrazak Gurnah for “his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents.”

Mr. Gurnah was born in Zanzibar, Tanzania, in 1948, but now lives in Britain. He is the first African to win the award — considered the most prestigious in world literature — in almost two decades.

Mr. Gurnah’s 10 novels include “Memory of Departure,” “Pilgrims Way” and “Dottie,” which all deal with the immigrant experience in Britain; “Paradise,” shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1994, about a boy in an East African country scarred by colonialism; and “Admiring Silence” about a young man who leaves Zanzibar for England, where he marries and becomes a teacher.

Peace


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Maria Ressa is a co-founder of Rappler, a digital media company for investigative journalism. Dmitri A. Muratov has defended the freedom of speech in Russia for decades.Credit...Rappler, via Associated Press, left; Evgeny Feldman/Reuters 6park.com

The journalists Maria Ressa and Dmitri A. Muratov were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which the Nobel Committee described as a precondition for democracy and lasting peace.

The two were recognized for “their courageous fight for freedom of expression in the Philippines and Russia,” with the committee noting that they were part of a broader struggle to protect press freedoms.

Ms. Ressa — a Fulbright scholar, who was also named a Time magazine Person of the Year in 2018 for her crusading work against disinformation — has been a constant thorn in the side of Rodrigo Duterte, her country’s authoritarian president. 6park.com

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Mr. Muratov has defended freedom of speech in Russia for decades, working under increasingly difficult conditions. Within hours of news of the award breaking, the Kremlin stepped up its crackdown on critics, labeling nine journalists and activists as “foreign agents,” a designation that imposes onerous requirements on them.

This year, there were 329 candidates for the peace prize, the Nobel committee said. Here’s how those nominations work.

Economics


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The Nobel in economics was announced in Stockholm on Monday.Credit...Claudio Bresciani/EPA, via Shutterstock 6park.com

The 2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded on Monday to David Card, Joshua D. Angrist and Guido W. Imbens, who have made a career of studying unintended experiments — Mr. Card in labor economics and Mr. Angrist and Mr. Imbens in analyzing relationships.

All three winners are based in the United States. Mr. Card, who was born in Canada, works at the University of California, Berkeley. Mr. Angrist, born in the United States, is at M.I.T. and Mr. Imbens, born in the Netherlands, is at Stanford University. 6park.com

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